Sheikh Mohammad Shafiul Islam
Assistant Professor
Department of
Communication and Media Studies
University of
Development Alternative (UODA)
Dhanmnondi, Dhaka,
Bangladesh
Mobile: +88-01199183824
E-mail: shafiuluoda@yahoo.com
'The radio is a major communication force
for improving the quality of people's lives in both developing and developed
nations. The radio -- with its steadily increasing audience - provides
entertainment, news, and information and is a major social force in shaping the
personalities of young people.'
-- PEIGH TD, MALONEY MJ, HIGGINS RC, BOGUE DJ
(Book: The use of radio in social development)
(Book: The use of radio in social development)
Radio is a powerful electronic mass media having a magic
power to reach even the remotest area with necessary information, education,
entertainment and persuasion. Traditionally, all the mass media perform these
four major functions to the society. In the perspective of Bangladesh, Radio is
a very powerful tool of communication having ability to reach the remote areas
even where there is no electricity. Radio is also very useful in this country
to those 51% people who are deprived of the light of education. As radio
messages are delivered with dialogue, music, words and sentences, they can be easily
communicable and understandable to the people who can’t read or write. (AHM Bazlur: 2006).
As a mass medium, radio has some other benefits, which
include: affordability, portability, operation on batteries, and low set up
costs.
A social development worker can use the radio to inform
large masses of widely dispersed rural and semiliterate or illiterate people
about new ideas, services, or products that can improve their lives. The use of
radio for social development rests upon the following findings from radio
research: 1) almost all listeners enjoy hearing news over the radio; 2) a
higher percentage of the radio listeners respect the radio as a source of
information; 3) more than 1/2 of most radio broadcasting is music because this
is what most listeners want to hear; 4) people who listen to radio quickly
become accustomed to and accept short "commercial" or advertising
messages; and 5) certain types of nonmusical radio programs are popular with
major segments of the radio audience. The number and variety of topics that can
benefit from radio programming is large.[1]
State of Radio
Broadcasting in Bangladesh
Radio broadcasting began in Bangladesh from 16 December 1939
during the regime of British. After partition the radio broadcasting went under
the Pakistani rule. From 26 March 1971 radio broadcasting took a different look
starting programmes in support of the liberation war from the 'Swadhin Bangla
Betar Kendra', Chittagong.
During the liberation period the radio played a great role
of word soldier. After liberation the state run radio was the sole medium of
radio entertainment, education, information and persuasion before starting the
Radio Metrowave, the first private radio channel in the country launched in
1999.
At present there are four types of radio broadcasting in the
country:
- State
Owned Broadcasting (SOB)
- Commercial
Broadcasting (CB)
- Community
Radio (CR) and
- International
Broadcasting (IB)
Among these four wheels of radio broadcasting system,
Bangladesh Betar (Radio) and Bangladesh Television (BTV) belong to SOB. Under
Commercial Broadcasting (CB), the mentionable radio channels are ABC Radio,
Radio Today, Radio Foorti and Radio Aamar. These radio channels started
functioning between 2006-2008. (Detailed shown in the table below).
Though the campaign for Community Radio (CR) started decades
ago, the path of launching CR was opened through passing ‘Community Radio
Installation, Broadcast and Operation Policy – 2008’ (Islam: 2008). As a part
of the process, 22 organizations have been preliminarily entrusted with
launching CR after security verification.
(A H
M Bazlur)[2]
Apart from these, BBC and VOA are two popular international
radio channels broadcasting in the country for a long time.
|
S/L
|
Radio Channel
|
Ownership/Nature
|
Year of Launching
|
|
01.
|
Bangladesh
Betar
|
State
Owned Broadcasting
|
1939
|
|
01
|
Radio
Metrowave (Defunct)
|
Commercial
Broadcasting
|
1999
|
|
02
|
ABC
Radio
|
2008
|
|
|
03
|
Radio
Today
|
2006
|
|
|
04
|
Radio
Foorti
|
2006
|
|
|
05
|
Radio
Aamar
|
2007
|
|
|
01
|
BBC
|
International
Broadcasting
|
|
|
02
|
VOA
|
|
|
|
09.
|
Community
Radio
|
Community
Ownership/Non-profit organization
|
Ready
to Launch
|
(Source: website and wikipedia)
An official data (2006) shows that around 2.39 million
licensed radio sets had been used across the country meaning that 41%
households own radio set. However, the actual use of the radio sets is much
higher in the country as a large number of people dodge the license fees.[3]
Based on this data, it is assumed easily that the
countrywide penetration of radio is soundly enough to reach the countrywide
people with news, education, entertainment and developmental motivations
quickly.
Radio Programmes
Bangladesh betar is only the state-run radio in the country and with its
11 stations is the nations’ sole countrywide broadcaster, which broadcasts for
approximately 237 hours daily. The major programmes broadcast from its stations
include the followings:
S/L
|
Programme
|
Duration
|
01.
|
Commercial Service
|
18 hours 5 minutes
|
02.
|
Farm Broadcasting
|
4 hours 30 minutes
|
03.
|
Population, Health
& Nutrition
|
5 hours 55 minutes
|
04.
|
Traffic Broadcasting:
|
8 hours
|
05.
|
Educational
Programme
|
10 hours (weekly)
|
(Source:
www.betar.org.bd/programmewing.html, on 17.08.2009, Citizen Charter of
Bangladesh Betar)
Most
of the commercial radio channels cover Dhaka its surrounding areas and some
other big cities only. The programmes they broadcast mainly include different
types of entertainment programmes i.e. music, magazine, different types of
songs (Bangla songs, English
Songs, Band Songs) etc. They also broadcast some news and information based
programmes like talk show, information
updates on stock market, weather, Bazzar news,
weather updates, traffic updates, market price, etc. (Source: wikipedia and websites of the Channel).
Though all the
private channels bear considerable popularity among the city dwellers,
particularly teenaged, Bangladesh Betar has very low popularity due to its
credibility concerned. (Ullah:2009).
Radio Governance
and Realizing Reality
The ownership and the governance system of the radio channels
determine their role to the society. The radio broadcasting in Bangladesh
territory was from the onset, a government monopoly and was used as a
propaganda tool of government. Being
strongly controlled by the government, Bangladesh Betar (BB) is not empowered
to produce and disseminate news and programmes independently. The radio staff
has to please the ruling government and cannot present any content which may go
against the govt. and the party it belongs to. The basic purpose of the
commercial radio channels is to do business and give priority on the interests
of their partners whereas the international radio channels mainly focus on
news. The Community Radio (CR) is completely a new experience for Bangladesh
which is in the process of launching. As per the policy the CR is a non-profit
community media run by community ownership and control aiming to cover issues
related with community education, health and society, women rights, rural and
community based development, environment, weather and cultural aspects.
Thus, though there are a number of radio channels
functioning with huge coverage ability, no such channel could still stand as a
powerful source of ‘info-edutainment’ and ‘development motivation’ due to
nature of ownership and media governance.
Success of BB
That the radio message is effective and powerful especially
in development motivation has been also proved by BB even amidst a number of
constraints. The success of BB traditionally and historically rested upon our
great liberation war. During the liberation period the insurgent betar kendra
(radio centre) had played a great role in building confidence among the freedom
fighters through presenting effective programmes on the activities of the
freedom fighters and thrashing news of the Pakistan. Apart from this, radio has
also contributed much to rebuilding a battle-hit new nation. In prevention of
Cholera, Pox, measles, Diphtheria and other fatal and contagious diseases BB
played a demonstrated role. BB has also played a great role in addressing major
social problems which were the challenges for the development workers. In 1980s
and 1990s the radio had played a golden role to address population explosion
through broadcasting different types of programmes on its consequences. The radio message/content created awareness
among the unconscious people regarding use of contraceptives and family
planning. Radio had also golden role in persuading the people be conscious of health,
environment, ensuring human rights, prevention of dowry, repression on women
and children, female and adult education, women and child mortality, population
explosion, social prejudices, superstitions etc. (AHM Bazlur: 2006).
Challenges and
opportunities of the Radio in Bangladesh
With the advancement of new communication technologies the
number of radio listeners is decreasing day by day. The booming of satellite
channels in the country after 1990s is drawing back the radio audience in many
places. Apart from these, some other new communication technologies like internet,
digital printing press, digital audio player and mobile phone are also creating
obstacles to the path of radio expansion in some ways.
On the other hand radio listener ship is on the rising trend
especially in the urban areas due to FM
radio broadcasting, availability of the
mobile sets, mp 3 and internet. As mobile phone handsets function as the medium
of the radio listening, it becomes easy to bear and hear even in the car.
Emergence of
Community Radio
There is an inborn obligation against BB that it is strongly
controlled by the ruling party and works as mouthpiece of the govt. though it
is run by public fund and use the airwave of the country. Similarly the
commercial channels also broadcast their programmes using the airwave of the
country, which is the property of the public. But, unfortunately, these
channels deprive the real owners of the airwave, as the mass people are not the
subject of their broadcasting. Thus, the deprived classes of the rural people
who are overwhelming majority in the country have no opportunity of presenting
their voices in the media. So, the demand for the community radio becomes
prevalent so that the voice of the voiceless is reflected through media. In
line with development approaches of other developing countries, the government
has opened the path of launching Community Radio (CR) in the country through
passing ‘Community Radio Installation, Broadcast and Operation Policy – 2008’
in the face of tremendous demand of the development workers. (Islam: 2008).
The major characteristics of the
community radio, as per the policy, are:
a) CR is a non-profit community media run
by community ownership and control
b) CR will serve a certain community
bonded with similar geographical, linguistic, social, cultural and traditional
characteristics.
c)
CR programmes will be relevant to the community, produced and
delivered in the local dialect with high community participation.
The policy ensures the areas of the coverage of the CR
programme which include community education, health and society, women rights,
rural and community based development, environment, weather and cultural
aspects.[4]
Though Bangladesh is a small country of only 56 thousand
square miles, a number of different ethnic and regional groups live here who
have own language and cultural traits. These groups are usually deprived of the
services of the main stream (!) media.
Usually the voice of these people are not reflected in the media of
urban babu-bibi (gentleman-gentle lady!). Consequently, they have less
opportunity of participation in the developmental process of their respective
locality and the so-called traditional ‘top-down’ development approach cannot
meet their real need in many cases. In
any development approach the community participation is a must as the community
can only feel their needs on priority basis. CR can foster the community
participation in the areas of development effectively.
Apart from these, need for the community radio has been
claimed for some other vital reasons. A study shows that the mainstream govt.
radio (BB) does not attract many people due to presenting distracting
programmes. On the other hand, many people can not perceive the message even
being the owner of a radio set. A study conducted in 2002 on ‘The role of
weather forecast of Bangladesh Betar(radio) in ensuring security of the coastal
fishermen’ revealed that only 17.22%
people can understand the meaning of the weather forecast on radio whereas 80%
can not understand the message at all. In another study, it was found that many
people can not understand the radio message due to linguistic problem and
distant location. According to Bangladesh Betar(BB) authority, weather forecast
is on air in standard Bangla and English , so it may be difficult for the local
people to understand. To avoid the problem, demand for establishing strong
local community radio and broadcasting programmes in local dialect comes to the
front. (Monju: 2002).
Creating
opportunities through radio
Radio can certainly bring positive changes through imparting
essential information, motivation, and legitimization for new ideas and
practices to an audience, which, generally, can be described as "below the
poverty line." The role of radio in
creating new opportunities in the field of social and developmental communication
in Bangladesh are pertinent with two phenomena ‘Digital Bangladesh Concept and
National ICT Policy-2009’.
Digital Bangladesh Concept
One of the major components of the election manifesto
‘Charter for Change’ of the present ruling party Bangladesh Awami League was to
make Bangladesh digital by 2021 through proper use of ICT. In line with the
vision it was mentioned in the charter that Awami League, if elected, will
extend telecommunication facilities up to rural villages and all Upazillas will
be brought under Internet communication system in the next five years. Apart
from these, initiatives will be taken for community radio services besides
national radio network. The charter for change called for qualitative change in
all the spheres of life of the people by 2021 through resolution of crisis and
building a prosperous future. The major components of the charter include:
establishing democracy as an institution, ensuring people’s participation,
transformation of political culture, building of a corruption free society,
empowering women, ensuring basic human rights, infrastructural development,
prevention of environment pollution and climate change and establishing a
foreign policy on the basis of ‘friendship towards all and malice towards none’
principle. [5]
Radio can effectively broadcast the failure and success of
these missions, visions and goals of the government.
National ICT
Policy 2009
The national ICT policy 2009 has been passed in July 2009
with a view to making Bangladesh a digital one. The policy aims at building an
ICT-driven nation comprising of knowledge-based society. In view of this, a
country-wide ICT-infrastructure will be developed to ensure access to
information by every citizen to facilitate empowerment of people and enhance
democratic values and norms for sustainable economic development by using the
infrastructure for human resources development, governance, e-commerce,
banking, public utility services and all sorts of on-line ICT-enabled services.
In the strategic themes, it has been reassured that all the citizens will be
provided with an opportunity to ensure access to the information world within
five years.
Development
Issues in Bangladesh: Radio and Achievements of MDGs
Bangladesh is a developing country with a low GDP of 621 US
dollar and per capita income of 690 US dollar[6].
Even in the era of modern technology in the medical science, the child
mortality rate is 43 per thousand (2007). The literacy rate (11+) is only 49.1
% (2008) in spite of adopting massive initiatives by Government and Non
Government Organizations. Still, superstitions and social prejudice prevail in
the rural areas for which the development efforts are hampered. In many remote
rural areas people are still unaware of family planning, female education,
female employment, environment pollution, health education and human rights.
The rate of contraceptive use was 59.0% in 2007 in the country despite
campaigning with a slogan ‘no more than two children’. Still some localities
are found where did not reach any message regarding family planning.
Bangladesh is traditionally known as an agricultural
country. But this notion has become a myth today. Natural disaster, lack of
modern agricultural tools and knowledge, losing of farm land due to pressure of
the increased population, seasonal unemployment and insufficient loan
facilities, this sector is losing gradually. In 2007-2008 fiscal years, the
contribution of the sector was only 20.83%. (Source: Bangladesh
Economic Survey:2009).
In order to achieve some targeted progress in
poverty, education, health, gender equality, sustainable environment and
strengthening inter country co-ordination for development, the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) have been adopted by the United Nations, which contain
a set of development activities agreed upon during a series of global
conferences over the preceding decade. After review and editing by the United
Nations Secretariat, IMF, OECD and The World Bank, the objectives were
published in September 2001 as a set of 8 major goals accompanied by 18 targets
and 48 indicators for measuring progress towards the goals.[7]
Radio, as an agent in the changing process of
social and developmental communication can effectively contribute to achieving
the following goals of the MDGs in Bangladesh.
|
MDGs
|
Suggested role of radio
|
|
Goal-01
Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
|
Broadcasting more
programmes on:
·
production
of food grains in cheap cost, livestock rearing, poultry raising, fisheries,
tree plantation, nursery and other non-farming activities; market opportunities and creating
employments
|
|
Goal-02
Achieve Universal Primary Education
|
·
achievements of universal primary education
especially highlighting the participation of the rural people and girls
students; importance of employing and training more teachers at primary
level; benefits of female education
|
|
Goal-03
Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
|
·
creating awareness on gender sensitivity and
gender equality; female employment
through training them in small enterprise like food preparation, toy making
etc.
|
|
Goal-04
Reduce Child Mortality
|
·
neonatal diseases and combating pneumonia, anemia
and other child health risks; campaign on breast feeding, importance of
training of the field level health workers on child and maternal health
|
|
Goal-05
Improve Maternal Health
|
·
campaign on primary health services; Information
dissemination on the health services available at union and thana level.
|
|
Goal-06
Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases
|
·
providing the people with important information
on these diseases particularly on causes, precautions and prevention of these
diseases; motivating the people to behave sympathetically with the
adolescents.
·
removing apprehension of the people on these
diseases.
|
|
Goal-07
Ensure Environmental Sustainability
|
·
Campaign for prevention of air, water, earth
pollution and overall environment pollution;
restoring natural resources; social forestry; disaster mitigation techniques; environment
friendly agriculture; global climate
change and its probable impact on the biosphere and ecosystem.
|
|
Goal-08
Develop a Global Partnership for
Development
|
·
campaign for importance of knowledge sharing
between developing and developed nations; applying the experience of the
recently developed countries; reaching and using communication technologies;
e-learning system and making availability of the internet facilities in the
village level.
|
[Source: Handbook: Community Radio for
Good Governance and Development, 2009, BNNRC]
Apart from playing supportive role in achieving MDGs, radio
can also contribute to creating new opportunities of development in the
following fields:
Health and
Education
All the radio channels in respect of ownership and reaching
ability (coverage) can broadcast informative and educative programmes on
health-education focusing on symptoms of contagious and new diseases along with
their preventive measures. Such programmes can highlight the suggestions of the
expert doctors and policy makers including necessary information of availability
of the treatment and medicine for the diseases. These types of programmes
should be reached at the grassroots level to raise awareness both in the
patients and village doctors. Apart from broadcasting programmes on health,
radio has a great role in dissemination of education related information. Tomas
(2001) has identified a number of roles of the radio in the distant learning of
which some include: a) broadcasting information on opportunities of education,
b) motivating and encouraging the learners to achieve the specific goals
regarding learning. c) helping the learners prepare lessons through providing
with relevant examples and resource materials d) educating through direct
broadcasting programmes on education.[8]
Radio can also broadcast programmes on modern teaching
approaches and trainings on participatory learning so that the teachers can be
benefited.
Farm
Broadcasting
Support by radio may be helpful to achieve the target of the
better living of the poor through diffusing information on the agriculture,
small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Agricultural programmes may include the
cultivation of seasonal crops, vegetables, fruits suitable for the particular
areas. Selection of right seeds and plantation system for the particular type
of soil and environment, use of fertilizer, pesticides, new innovation on
natural fighting against destructive pests, new seeds and crops are also
important factors in farming of which information are very useful to the
farmers. Besides, information on marketing of the agricultural products should
reach the farmers so that they can get appropriate price of their products.
Though broadcasts various types of agricultural programme to
benefit the farmers, most of the programme could not benefit them effectively
as they are mostly controlled by the experts, excessive educative and gender
biased.[9]
Disaster Risk
Reduction (DRR) and Conflict Resolution
Bangladesh is one of the disaster prone countries of the
world, which is on the international distress call. Some seasonal disasters
like flood, nor’wester, cyclones, depression, sea tidal, cool wave, droughts
are very common which visit the country seasonally and frequently. Radio is historically playing a good role
during disasters through its weather forecasts. But, radio has more to do
before, during, and after disasters. Information on peoples’ preparation even
before out breaking a disaster may be useful to save human life, livestock,
poultry and property. During a disaster, taking care of human health even living
in the shelter houses, preventing various types of contagious diseases and code
of mutual living with various groups of people can be important item of radio
broadcast. Similarly, radio can broadcast on the rehabilitation activities of
the disaster hit people.
In conflict resolution radio has much to do. Radio can
mediate between rival groups or races through dissemination of information on
the standpoints of each group. Radio can encourage dialogue between the rival
groups and help finding a peaceful way-out of misunderstanding among them.
Prevention of
Environment Pollution and Global Climate Change
Repeated media reports with strong evidence show that the
world is heading towards a serious catastrophe due to severe environment
pollution, global warming and climate change. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has
recently said “Bangladesh is one of the countries most vulnerable to climate
change”. (The Daily Star, Aug 30, 2009). The adverse effect of the environment
pollution and global climate change in Bangladesh is easily understood from
this statement. Realizing the ongoing and forthcoming disastrous effect of the
global climate change, over a decade ago, most countries joined an
international treaty the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) to begin considering what can be done to
reduce global warming and to cope with whatever temperature increases are
inevitable. In the convention some measures are suggested on which radio can
campaign:
- Mitigation
(consequences of the climate change)
- Adaptation
(with new environment and challenges)
- Technology
Transfer/Cooperation (more environment friendly machines to be used).
- Financing (Cost for addressing the aforesaid
challenges to be ensured in both local and national budget. International
financial cooperation may be an important force for the green budget of
the developing country). (http://unfccc.int/adaptation/items/4159.php)
Radio broadcasting may focus on these
issues from local to international level to make people aware of all these
activities. Apart from these, radio can
broadcast the success and failure of the adaptive measures taken by the
Bangladesh Govt. which include river dredging and reclaiming lands,
constructing embankments, and creating green belt in the coastal region to save
the country’s people from natural disasters. (The Daily Star, Aug 30, 2009).
Filling in the
Gap between rich and poor information society
After 1990s, though there is a media boom in the country,
most of the people are still deprived of getting the media service as they have
no access to media. Even now, more than 50% people are illiterate and they
cannot read and write. They have no access to the print media and they have no
ability to get television facilities let alone internet and other new media. A
media survey conducted by AC Nielsen, in 2005 shows that in late 2004, 28.5%
people did not have regular access to radio, TV, newspapers, magazines or
cinema and were therefore effectively ‘media dark’. In rural areas this figure
rises to 35.9% while among women it is 36.3%. The prevalence of those who are
media dark rises significantly as household income reduces and almost half
(46%) of the poorest households have no access to media.[10]
A survey conducted in 2005 by Bangladesh
Bureau of Statistics show that only 0.20% people have access to e-mail while
the use of computer is 1.36%. At rural level the percentage can not be
measured.
Access to Computer and E-mail
|
Residence
|
% of household have
reported access
|
|
|
Computer
|
E-mail
|
|
|
National
|
1.36
|
0.20
|
|
Rural
|
0.17
|
-
|
|
Urban
|
4.88
|
0.81
|
Source: BBS, HIES, (provisional)
With a view to
lessening the gap between the rich and poor information society, two World
Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)
sponsored by the United Nations held
in 2003 in Geneva and in 2005 in Tunis. A road map for achieving an information
society accessible to all and based on shared knowledge was drawn. A Plan of
Action sets out a goal of bringing 50 percent of the world's population online by 2015.
In 2005 another
convention was held in Tunis where a set of pragmatic action lines was declared
and suggested for implementation includIng access to information and knowledge,
capacity building and inclussive ICT applications (E-government, E-business,
E-learning, E-health, E-employment, E-environment, E-agriculture and
E-science). [11]
Radio programmes can effectively
monitor the success and failure of such ICT applications especially in the
rural areas drwan by the govt. in line with the national ICT Policy-2009.
Establishing Human Rights and Equality
Radio broadcasting may focus on the establishing of human rights i.e. child rights, women rights, labourer
rights and minority rights on the basis
of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, CEDAW, CRC and other international
and national conventions and charters. Effective radio programmes may be
produced on gender disparity, social inequality, child and women trafficking,
education and training, health and nutrition, population and reproductive
health, water sanitation, dissemination of information and knowledge, campaign
for creating awareness on STD/HIV/AIDS, safer sex, safe blood, drug abuse,
gender, women & youth empowerment, human rights, youth rights, human
trafficking, good governance, fair election issues etc.
Recommendations
for Strengthening Radio Services:
To strengthen radio services the following strategies should
be adopted:
- ensuring autonomy to Bangladesh Radio and BTV (Bangladesh
Television)
- salary structure and other fringe benefits for the in-house
employee, singers and above all the radio artists should be reviewed in
terms of the present market
- radio staffing should be based on previous experience, talent and
academic value rather than kinship and other parameters
- analogue broadcasting system of Bangladesh Betar (Radio
Bangladesh) should be shifted to
Digital Technology and also digital broadcasting
- beat/issue wise training for Bangladesh Radio journalists i.e.
climate change beat, human rights beat, agricultural beat, health beat
etc.
- building up further capacity of the National Institute of Mass
Communication (NIMC)/Bangladesh Press Institute(PIB) in line with post
globalization era
- Government Organizations (GOs), Non-Government Organizations (NGOs)
and International Non-Government Organizations (INGOs) should invest on
radio and development issues particularly in establishing Community Radio
and capacity building of Bangladesh Radio
- duration of BB’s commercial service should decrease and
developmental motivation related programmes should increase as the BB has
no financial crisis
- duration of education related programmes should increase
- Bangladesh Radio should be
restructured as a leading source of information, education, entertainment
and developmental motivation
- Community Radio broadcasting
should be goal and research oriented, parallel to the people’s
expectations through community participation
- due importance should be put on the radio journalism in the
university curricula
- sharing regional experience of radio operation among the SAARC
countries
- formulating
a comprehensive/convergence broadcasting policy immediately on the basis
of draft policy of 1997 and 2003 which was formulated on the basis of some
good broadcast policies practiced in many developed countries.
- reorganizing
and revisiting the radio as a tool of development as the cost of radio is
still low and easy to transmit having wider rural accessibility
- developing
fund on radio for development especially for capacity building, improvement
in quality of technology, research and evaluation, etc.
Proposed Model
for Radio Broadcasting
Setting of the programme objectives Ø Audience
survey Ø need assessment Ø priority selection Ø programme production (research based message
development with consultation of the experts of the relevant fields,
pre-testing for identifying problems of the message, finalizing message,
attracting it with music and other elements Ø
informing the target audience about the nature, time of broadcast through advertisement
and other public relations tools Ø broadcasting the programmes Ø impact assessment of the
programme), adoption of the further activities.
Sheikh Mohammad Shafiul Islam also works as a Consultant of
Bangladesh Centre for Development, Journalism and
Communication (BCDJC),
Bangladesh NGO's Network for Radio and
Communication (BNNRC)
&
Associate
Consultant of World Bank, Bangladesh
_________________________________________________________________________
References:
1. PEIGH TD, MALONEY MJ, HIGGINS RC, BOGUE DJ; The use of
radio in social development, Chicago,
Illinois, University of Chicago, Community and Family Study Center, (Media
Monograph), 1979;5:17, http://www.popline.org/docs/0338/791254.html
2. Handbook: Community Radio for Good Governance and Development, 2009, BNNRC
3. World Summit on the Information Society, Outcome Documents,
Geneva 2003-Tunis 2005
4. Study Report on ‘Broadcast Media in Bangladesh: Assessment of
needs and priorities in diversifying broadcast media’ conducted by
Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, 2006.
5. DFID, Report(p-24), 2006, Voices of change: Strategic radio
support for achieving the Millennium Development Goals
6. DFID, Report(p-22), 2006, Voices of change: Strategic radio
support for achieving the Millennium Development Goals
7. Election Manifesto 2008, Bangladesh Awami League
8. Statistics for Monitoring Attainment of MDGs in Bangladesh,
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
9. ‘Community Radio Installation, Broadcast and Operation Policy –
2008’, Ministry of Information, Govt. of peoples’ republic of Bangladesh.
10. Bangladesh Economic Survey 2009
11. Ullah, Mohammad Sahid, Community Radio Movement in Bangladesh:
Will they work as citizen’s media?, Communica, Issue 01, February 2009
12. Islam, Sheikh Shafiul, Community Radio: Scope and Prospects,
Vol-4, Issue-8, November 2008.
13. Monju, Kamrul Hasan, Use of Community Radio in Bangladesh,
Jonoporisore Gonomadhyom Onnanno Prosongo, 2003, Published by MMC.
16. Citizen Charter of
Bangladesh Betar
-0-
[1] Book: The use of radio in social
development
[2] AHM
Bazlur Rahman, CEO, Bangladesh NGO’s Network for Radio Communication (BNNRC)
and Member, Strategy Council, UN-Global Alliance for ICT and Development, said
this in a discussion meet in Aug 2009.
[3] Mohammad
Sahid Ullah, Community Radio Movement in Bangladesh: Will they work as
citizen’s media?, Communica, Issue 01, February 2009
[5] Election
Manifesto 2008, Bangladesh Awami League
[6]
Bangladesh Economic Survey 2009
[7] Statistics for Monitoring Attainment of MDGs in
Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
[8] DFID,
Report(p-22), 2006, Voices of change: Strategic radio support for achieving the
Millennium Development Goals
[9] DFID,
Report(p-24), 2006, Voices of change: Strategic radio support for achieving the
Millennium Development Goals
[10] Study Report on ‘Broadcast Media in
Bangladesh: Assessment of needs and priorities in diversifying broadcast media’
conducted by Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, 2006.
[11] World Summit on the
Information Society, Outcome Documents, Geneva 2003-Tunis 2005
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